![]() However, the link between the analysis and quantification of ecosystem transformation based on acoustic methods and acoustic heterogeneity is just beginning to be analyzed. Currently, passive acoustic monitoring uses the soundscape to understand the dynamics of biological communities and physical components of the sites and thus complement the information about the structures of landscape. The conservation actions are urgent and must rely on a clear understanding of landscape heterogeneity from transformed landscapes. Tropical ecosystems with high levels of endemism are under threat due to climate change and deforestation. These studies have begun to use methodologies such automatic noise recording filtering (Duque-Montoya and Isaza, 2018), periods of the days (Barbaro et al., 2022 Doser et al., 2020), and variables relate to entropy of frequencies Rodriguez et al., 2014), frequency modulation, and linear combinations of alfa acoustic indices (Barbaro et al., 2022). But only a few studies identify soundscape heterogeneity through time and between sites (Barbaro et al., 2022 Sánchez-Giraldo et al., 2021 Burivalova et al., 2018 Rodriguez et al., 2014) exhibiting that acoustic characteristics of landscapes vary throughout day and do not necessarily vary in linearly continuous states with landscape transformations. Some of most used acoustic characteristics are related with spectral profiles and amplitude envelopes (Rodriguez et al., 2014 Sueur et al., 2014), acoustic indices that give frequency information (Barbaro et al., 2022 Sánchez-Giraldo et al., 2021), Power Spectral Density (DSP) among others (Doser et al., 2020 Duque-Montoya and Isaza, 2018).
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